Biogeography Essay Questions

Biogeography Essay Questions 8 Biogeography Essay Questions 1.) What is the study of biogeography? Biogeography is that investigation of topographical appropriation of greenery thinking about the diverse ordered levels, present and past, the natural surroundings wherein they are discovered along with the included biological connections. Today, there are two hypotheses in biogeography that have been created to talk about additional on the circulation of organic species on the planet. Both of them are Distance-rot and Island biogeography hypotheses. The separation rot hypothesis states that the connection and closeness between species in any two geological areas will keep diminishing as the separation between the two increments. The second biogeographical hypothesis, island biogeography declares that those pockets of life (islands) that are firmly separated will bolster progressively organic life/species. It is as yet this second hypothesis that clarifies that these firmly separated islands are once in a while undermined by termination whenever contrasted with the minuscule secluded islands of the world. The Geographic Information Systems Scientists state that the over two hypotheses were created with the goal for us to have the option to completely comprehend the appropriation of species however not the conveyance or even development of people. As it was created, the study of biogeography was intended to respond to such a significant number of inquiries that are shifted. It was grown with the goal that it can respond to a portion of the inquiries like for what reason are there such huge numbers of sorts of creatures and plants on the planet. It tries to answer why a portion of these creatures and plants are uncommon while others are normal. A few creatures and plants are generally scattered while others are restricted to a constrained spot. The study of biogeography tries to disclose the explanation concerning why this is so. There are a few pieces of this world that are more extravagant regarding species contrasted with others. Its just by utilization of the investigation of biogeography that we can be in a situation to get this. There are a few significant sorts of biogeography circulations. They incorporate; Endemic (limited to explicit areas), cosmopolitan (e.g.Caenorhabdities elegans and Drosophila melanogaster), and Disjunct (isolated). The disjunct biogeographic circulations are accepted to have been brought about by Vicariance and dispersal. In biogeography, proof that can be founded on its history can be ordered as far as Paleontology and systematics. 1.) Describe the 5 perceptions whereupon the study of biogeography is established. Give TWO models for every perception. an) Each and each specie and other higher gathering creatures are said to have a discrete and a non irregular dissemination in existence. A genuine case of this is the gorilla that is just found in two African timberlands. b) In various topographical locales of the world there is a gathering of creatures that are unmistakable and they exist together. A genuine guide to clarify this is the fauna that is discovered south of the desert of Sahara along with its monkeys, gazelles, pigs and this is very surprising from the Australian fauna and its duck charged platypus, wombats and kangaroos. c) The distinctions and the similitudes in these areas can't be in any capacity be depicted as far as the separation between them or even the region of starting point. A genuine model is that the fauna of eastern Asia and Europe is to enormous degree comparable in spite of the fact that they are both isolated by 11,500km of land. Likewise the fauna of New Guinea and Borneo are extraordinary however ar e isolated by a little real estate parcel contrasted with the ones above which is across water and land. d) All those faunas that appear to be unique from those of today once recently happened in all other land areas. A model is the dinosaurs which existed in many pieces of the geographic areas in Cretaceous. e) The faunas which look like the ones discovered today and their precursors once happened, yet its occasionally at far good ways from the present range. A genuine model is the subtropical-warm temperature fauna which is found in Eocene Wyoming. This incorporates angles which are new water, turtle gatherings and lizard which are confined to southeastern pieces of the United States. 1.) Discuss this announcement: â€Å"The history of biogeography is basically a proceeding with strife between creation fantasy and exact science.† Experimental science depicts that the dispersion of life forms in the entire world was because of nonstop advancement of the past existing species. Science attests that the current fauna and verdure are because of advancement from past living beings which were not created as they are today. On the opposite side of the creation fantasy, individuals and particularly the Christians accept that the present populace of plants and creatures are a result of what God quite a while prior. A portion of the things that are clarified in the book of scriptures are in absolute clash with what science has given a point by point account on. A genuine model is the Global Flood during the hour of Noah. The Bible says that God trained Noah who by then was 600 years of age to develop an ark. Noah was then expected to take two of each unclean creature and seven of each perfect creature. All food and new water was then expected to be in the ark. Noah and his family were to stay in the ark for a half year until the rising waters died down. This creation story in the book of beginning keeps on clarifying that after the rising waters died down, Noah, his family and the creatures that were discharged at that point were the ones who later repopulated the earth. This is in all out clash with the observational researchers who contend that today there is a lot of hereditary assorted variety on the planet for us to be predictable that each creature that is land based slipped from the couple of reproducing sets and this is only nearly not many thousands years back. As indicated by observational science, a portion of the animal categories we have today in the planet will develop locally. This along these lines implies that they are fixed geologically as indicated by researchers. The researchers will ask today how comes the Duckbill platypus wound up just in Australia and not anyplace else in the planet. Researchers despite everything contend that Noah didn't take any fish or coral in the ark. During the flood in this way, all the fish would have become terminated and all the corals would have been cleared away. A portion of the corals as indicated by the researchers even seem more seasoned than the given history of the floods. For researchers they accept that it is extremely unlikely the brief species could have endure the time they were in the ark. They state that the grown-up mayflies would have passed on in only a couple of days while the hatchlings of numerous mayflies will require shallow new and running water. Other comparable creepy crawlies and a significant number of them would really confront similar issues. It is highly unlikely the researchers would accept that the human populace could bounce back in such a brief period. Different discussions separated from the field of developmental science can likewise be found in cosmology, thermodynamics, fossil science, geography an d atomic material science. 1.) Describe the fundamental commitments to biogeography of the individuals recorded underneath. Alexander von Humbolt, Liebig, MacArthur and William. Alexander Von Humbolt: He was German naturalist who is regularly alluded to as the dad of phytogeography. He was the person who felt that review on land circulation was a significant logical request that could prompt the disclosure of laws of nature that are crucial. He was the person who did the investigations of South and Central America along with Aime Bonpland who was a French naturalist. These two went along the Orinoco and Amazon waterways as they investigated the Andes and the current day parts of Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia. He figured out how to examine vegetation and climatic states of Urals Mountains, Siberia and Caspian Sea. He was the person who concocted the isobar and isotherm which are utilized today in portrayal of climatic relationship of plant networks. He had an enthusiasm for the excellence of nature. He had a decent depiction of the physical condition along with the plant conveyance that are generally utilized in biogeography. Liebig: He was conceived in Darmstadt, Germany. He went to Paris where was working in the research center of Joseph Gay-Lussac. His principle intrigue was in science. He did much so as to set up science as an order. He began the main synthetic periodical for researchers. He was the person who demonstrated that reviews like physiology, farming, and brain science are just comprehensible whenever dependent on sound compound standards. He was one of the benefactors in disclosure of isomerism (a condition where two distinct mixes may have a similar synthetic recipe). He demonstrated that natural mixes can really be managed in an objective manner. He once dismissed the present humus hypothesis. He demonstrated his differentiating thought by portraying that a few plants will leave the dirt more extravagant regarding carbon that they truly discovered it. He visited England once and was not content with the manner in which they were setting out their sewage to the ocean. He was of the supposition tha t they should utilize their sewage as a compost. William: He gathered vertebrates in numerous remote districts of Hispaniola between the years 1916 and 1923. He likewise did assortments in different locales of the world like the well known Himalayas. Until this point in time, most his assortments are still in Smithsonian. He is scene scientist and a biogeographer. He has made enormous commitments in the comprehension of scenes and aggravations. His exploration in these fields has made colossal impact on the field of biogeography and furthermore the scholarly biogeographers. MacArthur: He concocted the MacArthur and Wilson balance model on isolated biogeography. This is a model that is utilized to give a decent establishment on the conveyance of species on islands. Its likewise helpful in clarification of the creation of separate biotas. This is a result of his model that numerous examinations have been made on the appropriations of well evolved creatures on separate living spaces. 5) Describe the re

How to Write a Case Study - A Comprehensive Guide

Going nuts over the task that your educator just gave you? Can’t make sense of how to compose a contextual analysis? No compelling reason to stress; you are in the correct spot! Brisk Links 1. What is a Case Study? 2. How to Write a Case Study? 2.1 Case Study Research 2.2 Identify the Key Problems 2.3 Description of Solution 2.4 Case Study Analysis 3. Contextual investigation Research Design and technique 3.1 Case Study Design 3.2 Case Study Methodology 3.3 Fields Utilizing Case Studies as Research Type 3.4 Purpose of Case Studies 3.5 Types of Case Study 1. What is a Case Study? Contextual investigations are a typical sort of task in clinical, business and graduate schools. They end up being a successful method of learning for understudies. There are various types of cases that understudies experience; some are very fundamental and straightforward, while others require point by point examination and research. This kind of composing for the most part expect understudies to work in gatherings and to address open-finished inquiries so as to discover an answer for the current issue. Sounds confounded, sure, however with this nitty gritty guide understudies will discover the response to how to compose a contextual investigation? This blog entry will give the important data expected to comprehend and create an enlightening paper. Since you recognize what it is, how about we show you how to make an it! 2. How to Write a Case Study? So as to compose it, one must arrangement and plan previously. The creator should then make sense of techniques for gathering data through research. At that point direct examination, explore the case history lastly present their discoveries. Appears to be straight forward enough; be that as it may, it is more confused than it initially shows up. The accompanying broadly expounds on composing this kind of scholarly paper with contextual investigation draws near. 2.1 Case Study Research Before you begin composing, it is important to build a viable research system. Doing so will assist you with choosing how the information will be assembled and how you will address the exploration question. It is significant that you have sound wellsprings of information to direct your exploration. To make sense of the best research procedure and make the information gathered, have a go at responding to these inquiries: What issue or research question is this investigation going to address? Who is the intended interest group of this investigation? What kind of study will this be? 2.2 Identify the Key Problems One of the most significant strides of composing it is to clarify the issue. The analysts or the understudies ought to be cautious about introducing the subtleties of the issue as per content arrangements. They ought to likewise clarify the reason for the investigation or the situation which propelled them to lead it. Extreme utilization of internet based life influences the evaluations of understudies can be utilized as a key issue for leading an examination. 2.3 Description of Solution Another significant advance important for composing is the depiction of the arrangement. The most significant reason for directing the investigation is investigating the roots and reasons for the issue and afterward achieving the proposed answer for it as a way to kill the issue from society. Notwithstanding, if there is no nitty gritty portrayal of the arrangement, the reason would not be satisfied. 2.4 Case Study Analysis To compose an incredible contextual investigation, a point by point examination of the outcomes and arrangements must be incorporated. Great contextual investigations are intended to feature the reasons and reasons for the examination issue and are made to assist the scientists with deriving an answer in like manner. The itemized examination gives a chance to the scientists to apply the arrangement of the issue to the entire society as a way to improve the working of society and suggest further activity. Contextual analysis Template (PDF) 3. Contextual analysis Research Design and Method The examination structure and strategy lets you investigate explicit cases as a way to test a hypothesis or research a particular subject. Grounded hypothesis is an examination plan that has been utilized by analysts throughout recent decades. The objective of this strategy is to comprehend the setting of the examination by creating theory from the gathered information. Stage one is to choose the investigation gathering or a specific arrangement of populace or a person. The exploration approach must be thorough with efficient note-taking. 3.1 Case Study Design The plan centers around how the investigation will be tended to and whether the assembled foundation data is pertinent to the examination. There are no immovable standards here, in contrast to some logical works, yet the fundamental objective is to guarantee that your work is brief yet far reaching so as to evade superfluous information. To guarantee that you don't go off subject, you ought to record a rundown of key focuses that you need to address in your examination. Continue referencing back to it by sharing the applicable realities. 3.2 Case Study Methodology The strategy is basically watching the subject or the people gathering. The objective is to discover data that wouldn't have been conceivable if the quantity of people under perception was huge. 3.3 Fields Utilizing a Case Studies as Research Type With regards to instruction or brain research, singular contextual investigations are directed so as to show signs of improvement comprehension of an individual and his issues. The specialists look to discover the reason for the issue. They attempt to sum up their discoveries on comparative gatherings, as a way to feature a general issue inside a general public, just as to give the particular systems to its answer. Social and genuine sciences don't take a shot at inflexible recipes, as such scientists need to utilize the experimental research techniques so as to investigate the shrouded subtleties of the issue and devise their answer systems likewise. On account of business contextual analyses, the examples of overcoming adversity of potential clients and their involvement in items and administrations can be utilized to investigate the recipes adding to the accomplishment of that business. 3.4 Purpose Case Studies Aside from investigating the issue and creating techniques for arrangements, there is another reason for composing contextual analyses. The social researchers plan to investigate the speculations which can improve the operations of a general public. In that capacity, they lead the examinations, utilizing the intercessions, so as to investigate whether a hypothesis would demonstrate useful for the general public. 3.5 Types of Case Study There are various sorts of contextual investigations which include: illustrative, explorative, basic case and aggregate. The reason for these contextual analyses is to investigate the issues while using various methods. Some are straight; some are procedure situated, while some are grounded. Contingent upon the examination strategy used by the analyst, an investigation could be finished in one day, one month, one year, or considerably more. Regardless of to what extent it takes, the reason for it continues as before, to make society a superior spot. Logical In an Explanatory examination, the fundamental center is the clarification of a specific wonder or question. Exploratory is an enormous scope inquire about undertaking that demonstrates the requirement for additional examination. Characteristic In an inherent investigation, the focal point of the examination is simply the situation/subject. Instrumental This investigation investigates the experiences of an occasion. Need a Helping Hand? We trust that this guide was fruitful in improving and composing numerous case studie for you and that you presently realize how to compose it! Be that as it may, on the off chance that you despite everything need proficient assistance, the exposition scholars at 5staressays are at your administration. Contact the business groups and request that they interface you with the best essayist. They will do all the exploration for you and hand you over a total task at a reasonable cost!

The Dark Candle

The Dark Candle A man had a little daughter, an only and much beloved child. He lived only for her, she was his life. So when she became ill and her illness resisted the efforts of the best obtainable physicians, he became like a man possessed, moving heaven and earth to bring about her restoration to health.His best efforts proved fruitless, however, and the child died. The father was totally irreconcilable. He became a bitter recluse, shutting himself away from his many friends, refusing every activity that might restore his poise and bring him back to his normal self.Then one night he had a dream. He was in heaven and witnessing a grand pageant of all the little child angels. They were marching in an apparently endless line past the Great White Throne. Every white-robed, angelic tot carried a candle. He noticed, however, that one childs candle was not lit. Then he saw that the child with the dark candle was his own little girl. Rushing towards her, while the pageant faltered, he seized her in his arms, caressed her tenderly, and asked, How is that your candle is the only one not lit? Father, they often relight it, but your tears always put it out again, she said. Just then he awoke from from his dream. The lesson was crystal clear, and its effects were immediate. From that hour on he was no longer a recluse, but mingled freely and cheerfully with his former friends and associates. No longer would his little darlings candle be extinguished by his useless tears.Author Unknown

Quiet Professionalism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 346 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Professionalism Essay Did you like this example? As we reach the end of the year, I believe it is always a worthwhile endeavor to reflect on the goals you have accomplished, what you hope to achieve in the coming year, and the associated action steps that will help you realize those items. Similarly, I also believe it is important to reflect upon day-to-day behaviors, and how repeated excellence in small, seemingly trivial matters, lay the foundation upon which the large structures of personal integrity, calmness under pressure, and quiet professionalism are built. The work we do is challenging, and complex. The groups we interact with, both internal and external, are numerous and diverse. The visibility of our team is high, and subject to intense levels of scrutiny. We are an impassioned group of individuals that through shared trials, often by fire, are brought together as a cohesive unit. It is this conglomeration of conditions that often times make dealing with others who do not understand our challenges nor understand our passions, and talents the subject of frustration. I urge you to channel these frustrations in a constructive manner. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Quiet Professionalism" essay for you Create order When dealing with external partners, counterparties, regulators, and senior leadership, exercise patience when working with those who do not understand the depths and complexity of our charge. Profanity is not professional, nor constructive. Flared tempers are not professional, and damage credibility. Condescension is not professional, and a direct affront to a culture of shared success. There can be no question that at times I am among, if not the largest offender of these items. You are owed better from me as a leader, and are deserving of someone that can help showcase your talents, which are exceptional. You have my word that I will strive for personal excellence in this endeavor. In the coming days, Resource Management leadership will begin the alignment and ranking process. It is my commitment to all of you that I will enter the process on your behalf with tenacity personified through quiet professionalism. In the days, weeks, and months ahead, help arm me with arrows of your own quiet professionalism.

Improving Customer Service Essay example - 557 Words

Improving Customer Service There are many methods in Asda can improve there Customer service. Nowadays every Supermarket has there own way of saying Thank you to the customer this then shows the customer that they are respected and the are wanted back and they are welcome to shop at your supermarket as long as they like. Here are some of the methods that can be used to improve the Customer service at Asda: 1. Free Gifts 2. Loyalty Cards 3. BOG OF (Buy One Get One Free) 4. Special Offers 5. Reward Schemes 6. Improve facilities 7. Make it a friendly Atmosphere Free Gifts ========== Free Gifts attracts many customers but it can be very expensive, so†¦show more content†¦If customers feel they may like the offers then they will tell other people who live around them to come and see what is on offer. Special Offers ============== Special Offers attract many customers and they can prove to be the talking point around the Asda area. Special Offers attract customers who shop at supermarkets like Tesco’s and Sainsbury’s there competitors and by Asda doing Special Offers they are gaining more publicity. Reward Schemes ============== Reward Schemes can be mixed in with the loyalty cards but they are more likely to be bonuses, this is because reward schemes are like an extra thing to have, something that you have been given, this could be due to the fact your loyalty to the store. Schemes could include sending vouchers to amusement parks and discounts on in store products this will make the customer happy as they are receiving rewards for shopping at Asda. Improve Facilities ================== By Asda improving facilities they could gain much more customers. If Asda were to update the toiletry facilities and disabled facilities they could really gain more and more customers. All this will prove costly and it will take a lot of time and effort, but the benefits are there will be more customers and much more facilities. 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Communism vs. Fascism Free Essays

Communism vs. Fascism Communism and fascism are at the opposite ends of the totalitarian spectrum. Their major differences lie in their economic and social characteristics, but they do share many similarities in the political aspect. We will write a custom essay sample on Communism vs. Fascism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Soviet communism and German fascism are, in fact, very unlike each other, but they affected the people of the Soviet Union and Germany in many similar ways. You can observe how the ideas of communism and fascism differ mainly through their goals, along with other characteristics. Communism pursues international goals, which is shown in Stalin’s strive to push the Soviet Union to be a leading economic power. Fascist leaders pursue goals limited to their own nation. A communist society pushes have no social classes, which is why private ownership of land or property is not supported. Contrarily, fascism is very much class-based, as seen in Hitler’s views of race superiority. Though the goals of these two governmental systems differ very much, the methods used to achieve these goals are remarkably similar. The similarities between communism and fascism lie in their political methods. The most obvious comparison is that they are both dictatorial, one-party governments. Under each government, citizens are expected to be entirely devoted to the state, which glorifies military and war. Their rights are virtually nonexistent, and the media information they see is censored so that they only are aware of what the government wants them to know. In Germany, citizens that didn’t fit the ideal image of the dictator, Adolf Hitler, were sent to concentration or death camps, mainly because the state had the power to do so. Though the ideas and goals of communism and fascism contrast, the methods they use to achieve them are almost identical. Generally, communism and fascism are considered opposite in reference to totalitarianism. They are very different in their economic and social aspects, but they do share similarities in their political characteristics and governing methods. Soviet communism and German fascism are very contrastable, but they affected the people of the Soviet Union and Germany in many similar ways. How to cite Communism vs. Fascism, Essay examples

The Language of Content Marketing

By Mon Gill In this digital age, content marketing strategies have changed dramatically. Search engines and social media have made it possible to reach a huge audience cheaply and quickly. With such a variety of content formats and different methods of delivery, businesses and marketers have more lead generation opportunities than ever before. Content Marketing Benefits Ultimately, when you create quality content more consumers will hear about your brand, visit your website, trust your company, and end up buying your products and services. Your search rankings will also improve, so it’s good for SEO. Compared to traditional advertising, it’s also relatively inexpensive. Content marketing is not going away, so it’s worth getting to know the jargon. If you need to get up to speed with some of the terminology, here’s a quick glossary: Analytics The collection, measurement, and analysis of Internet data for the purpose of improving future strategies. Analytics tools like Google Analytics help you discover which content is attracting more traffic or getting more shares. Blog Short for a web log, a blog is web page content that is updated frequently, featuring articles, opinions, discussions, and links to other useful pages. They strengthen brand personality and credibility, drive traffic, boost SEO, and build customer relationships. Call to Action (CTA) An image, a button, or a line of text meant to prompt the user to take a desired action. This could be to share your content, subscribe to your blog, or download an ebook. Click-Through Rate (CTR) The percentage of users that click on a link, button, or ad. The data can help you see which content types and subjects engage your readers more. Content Curation Gathering, organizing, and presenting content that is relevant to your audience or is focused on a particular topic. Content Shock A debatable concept used by some marketers to describe how content marketing may not be a sustainable strategy for some businesses. Similar to â€Å"information overload,† it’s the idea that we’ll be so flooded with content we’ll start to turn away from it. Conversion Rate The measurement used to see how many visitors complete a specific action, such as sign up to your newsletter or make a purchase. Ebook Often used by marketers to generate leads, an Ebook is a downloadable piece of informational content that is longer than a whitepaper, from 20 to 100 pages long. Editorial Calendar Keeping you focused on your content marketing goals, an editorial calendar details what subjects your content should cover, the content format, and when and where to publish each piece. Evergreen Content Content that remains relevant to your audience in the long term. For this reason, it has more long-term marketing value. Inbound Link A link on another website that points to a page on your website. Google often uses link data like this to rank your website. Links from â€Å"quality† websites can help you appear higher in search engine results pages (SERPs). Infographic These are graphic visual representations of data or other information that can be easier to consume than chunks of text. Keyword Keywords or keyword phrases are words that searchers type into search engines to find specific information. They are also included in content to show search engines that your content is relevant. The overuse of keywords can now harm your search engine rankings. Creating content based around a news story to draw attention to your content. This type of content can rank well in SERPs. Personalization This is tailoring your content to match specific segments of your audience. It can involve delivering content to different channels depending on your marketing goals. SEO (Search Engine Optimization) SEO covers all strategies that are aimed at making a website easier for search engines to index and rank. The purpose of writing SEO articles is to make content and websites rank higher in search engine results pages. Social Media Optimization (SMO) Using social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Google+ to increase brand awareness, promote content sharing, generate leads, and boost SEO. Snackable Content This is typically short-form and visual content such as infographics, images, videos, and short blog posts. It’s designed to quickly and clearly convey an idea or message. Visual Content As opposed to text, visual content is used by marketers to make an instant impression. Videos, animations, slide presentations, and infographics are also highly shareable. Whitepaper Used to generate leads and show industry expertise, a whitepaper is an extended article that is often offered to users as a download to build a marketing database.

Amendment 5 essays

Amendment 5 essays The Fifth Amendment dates back to the seventeenth century. It was first used in England to protect their citizens. The Fifth Amendment is designed to protect us basically the same way the English used it to protect them. The Fifth Amendment requires indictment by a grand jury on a federal offence unless the person is in the military and they commit a war crime during wartime. An indictment by a grand jury means that the jurors agree that there is sufficient reason to hold a trial. The Fifth Amendment gives all citizens accused of major crimes the right to have their cases contemplated by a grand jury before being brought to trial. The Fifth Amendment also provides protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination. The Fifth Amendment also forbids deprivation of life, liberty, or property for public us without just compensation. That means the government cannot throw you in jail unless you have first been taken to a fair trial and you have been found guilty. It also means they cannot take any private property from a person without paying them in one way or another. The right to refuse to answer questions in any government proceeding, on the grounds of possible self-incrimination is also included in the Fifth Amendment. So, That means if you are questioned, you do not have to answer any questions they may be turned against you in court and you may also have an attorney present at all times of questioning. In the late eighteen hundreds and early nineteen hundreds the fifth amendment was "tried" several times. In the case of Hurtado v. California (1884). Instead of the District attorney properly getting a indiction by a grand jury he simply "filed for an information against Hurtado, charging him with murder." He was found guilty of this murder. The state upheld the conviction, so Hurtado was forced to appeal to the Supreme Court, arguing that the due process clause required a grand jury indictment. The Supreme ...

How to Start Paying Students for Good Grades Effectively

How to Start Paying Students for Good Grades Effectively SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Paying students for good grades is a controversial practice, and many would argue that it cheapens the learning experience (pun intended). However, it appears that sometimes monetary incentives can be a positive motivation for struggling students if they are applied wisely. I'll go through some scientific findings onthe success of incentive programs in schools and then give you ideas for how you can responsibly implement a reward policy for your student. Cash Incentives for Students: Who Pays? Parents or Schools? Some schools have experimented with payment programs (as I’ll discuss in the next couple of sections), and the results from these studies can helpparents decide if and how to use monetary incentives for good grades.Since it is unlikely that your high school is or will be a part of these types of studies, in the last section of this article I will discuss how parents can implement payment systems to reward students for good grades. Small incentives are likely within the reach of most parents. Fun low-cost experiences can also be substituted for money!In considering the successes and failures of experimental school-based payment plans, we can make inferences about how parents can successfully use monetary rewards to help students get better grades. The studies I describe in the next section will provideinformation that can be applied to the more specific circumstances surrounding you and your family. What Do Studies Say About Paying Studentsfor Good Grades? There have been a few studies over the years that have experimented with paying students for attending and doing well in school. At Chelsea High School in Chelsea, MA, students were given $25 if they had a perfect attendancerecord during a school term. This study ran from 2004-2008 but didn't seem to yield any improvements in academic performance or attendance at the school. Schools have also experimented with giving students prizes for attendance. In Georgia, at Stone Creek Elementary School, students were given incentives for attendance including video game consoles, ice cream, and other prizes. The rate of students missing 15 or more days of school during the year dropped by 10 percent. This study may have had more success than the one in Chelsea because the embodiment of incentives in the form of something like an Xbox is more exciting to kids than the prospect of earning $25 at the end of a semester. Seems like kind of a counterproductive reward, but whatever. The most wide-ranging studyon monetary incentives for good grades was organized by Harvard economist and founder of Harvard’s Education Innovation Laboratory, Roland Fryer, in the cities of Dallas, New York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. Over 38,000 students were given paychecks for performing well in school. Each city had a different incentive system to test the merits of various methods of paying students for good grades. The experimental group in Dallas was comprised of 3,718 second-grade students at21 different public schools in the Dallas Independent School District. These students were paid $2 every time they read a book, with a limit of 20 books per semester. To earn the reward, students had to take an AR (Accelerated Reader) quiz on the book and score at least an 80 percent. The average student received $13.81 in incentive payments, with a total of $42,800 distributed. In New York City, 63 schools were included in the experimental group with a total of 15,883 fourth and seventh-grade students. Incentives were given out based on students' performance on six computerized exams (three in reading and three in math) and four pencil and paper predictive assessments. Fourth graders earned $5 for completing a test and $25 for a perfect score. Incentives for seventh graders were set at double this amount, so they earned $10 for completing a test and $50 for a perfect score. In this case, the average fourth-grader earned $139.43, and the average seventh-grader earned $231.55. The portion of the study in Chicago was conducted in 20 low-performing public schools with 7,655 ninth-graders. In this case, students were simply given incentives for their grades in five core courses: English, math, science, social science, and gym. Students would earn $50 for each A, $35 for each B, $20 for each C, and no money for lower grades. The average student earned $695.61. In Washington, D.C., 17 schools were included in the experimental group. Sixth, seventh, and eighth-grade students were given incentives based on attendance, behavior, and three other inputs chosen by each school individually. These mostly included things like wearing a school uniform and completing homework and classwork. Students were given one point for each of the five metrics they satisfied on a given school day. This meant that students could earn a maximum of 50 points during each two-week pay period. Each point was rewarded with a $2 monetary incentive. The average student earned about $40 every two weeks. Give kids the gift that keeps on giving: cold hard cash. From the data collected after these studies, there is very limited evidence to suggest that monetary incentives improve student performance. In Chicago, GPA and credits earned on average increased by a very small amount, but there were no changes in standardized test scores. In New York, no significant positive changes were noted in terms of either test scores or GPA. The portion of the study conducted in Dallas showed some potential. Reading achievement increased significantly on standardized English tests taken by the second graders after the study. The middle school students in Washington, D.C. schools also demonstrated improvement in reading and, to a lesser degree, math scores. In the next section, I'll go over what these results might mean in regards to the effectivenessof paying students for good grades. What Can We Learn From This Information? The success of these policies depended heavily on how and for what reasonthe money wasdistributed.Students were more likely to improve if they were given monetary rewards for concrete tasks like reading books (Dallas) or completing classwork (D.C.) rather than something more abstractlike earning a certain grade.If students don’t have an understanding of the tools and strategies they need to implement in order to improve, they won’t be able to change their grades or test scores. More specific directives help kids who may have never learned how to study properly get on the right track. Improvements in grades and scores may come later as a result. In general, the studies show that giving money to students for good grades only works if you also give them the strategies they need to get there and provide incentives for smaller milestones that are less intimidating.Inputs, rather than outputs, should be rewarded first. It's impossible to reach your destination if you don't have directions. Also, whoever took this picture should probably stop lying in the middle of roads for the sake of mediocre artsy photography. The Pros and Cons of Paying Kids for Good Grades If you’re thinking about rewarding your child with cash for good grades, you should take the arguments for and against itinto account.Some would say that, even if a child improves his or her grades as a result of a monetary incentive, it’s sending the wrong message.When you set up money as a motivator, it may cause a student to lose any appreciation for the intrinsic value of learning.If their only motivation is money, they may lose interest in the actual subjects and could suffer later on when rewards are less forthcoming.This won't happen with every kid, but it’s a risk that comes with the territory. However, if you have a student who’s very unmotivated and just feels like there’s no point to trying in school, money could be a good motivator.Even for students who don’t plan on going to college, it’s important to get a high school degree.Paying students who plan on going to trade schools or professions rather than a four-year college may be a productive strategy.Students who feel like they’re â€Å"not cut out for school† may respond well to concrete incentives for good academic performance. The privilegeof being able to wear a hideous hat is only one of the many perks of graduating from high school. What's the Most Effective Method ofPaying Your Child for Good Grades? If you’re hoping to see actual improvement, you should challenge your child to meet specific short-term goals first. Avoid saying something like â€Å"I’ll give you $100 if you get an A in this class.† If your child isdoing poorly in a class, shemight not know where to begin in terms of improving herperformance to an A level. Instead, you can try something like â€Å"If you finish every problem set you’re assigned in Algebra 2/read all the chapters you were assigned for English/work on your history project for three hours this week, I’ll give you $10.† These are concrete goals that any student can achieve with some persistence.You can still plan on giving your child a bonus if and when she reaches a certain letter grade, but in the meantime, taking baby steps towards that grade with short-term goals is important. To make it a little more fun, you could set up a system where, if a studentcompletes a certain number of small milestones, he or she earns a monetary reward.This might work if your child is struggling in more than one class and needs to do a significant amount of work in different areas to catch up. Another idea that could be even better than a cash reward is to reward your child with a fun experience for diligent study habits.This could be as simple as going out to a favorite restaurant or taking a day trip. It all depends on the temperament of your child and the types of incentives you think he or she will appreciate the most. There are also many other ways to encourage your child to do better in school without monetary incentives. Some kids need more structure than others, so setting up a homework schedule might help keep them on track. You may also be able to work with the school to organize low-cost tutoring from more advanced peers and extra help from teachers. These methods can yield more significant positive results than payment plans if they're implemented effectively, but it will take time and effort on the part of both you and your student. Gold stars might not work as actual incentives for high school students, but their symbolic value still stands. What's Next? If you're looking for tips on how to get good grades in high school, read this article to learn about academic strategies that can lead to major improvements. Unsure of where you stand with your current grades? Check out this article on what constitutes a good or bad GPA for college applications. If you're still in the process of planning out a high school schedule, take a look at our expert guide to which classes you should take in high school. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Rise of the American Empire Between the End of the Civil War and Essay

The Rise of the American Empire Between the End of the Civil War and The Early 20th Century - Essay Example The first American acquisition is Alaska in 1867 from Russia for close to $7.2 million largely on the initiative of the secretary of state William Seward1. Although his purchase was sufficiently unpopular at the time, the small American population unlimited economic growth limited them to experience economic prosperity with external traders and missionaries. However, with the discovery of gold in Juneau early 1880 brought about economic prospectors.   Gold in 1896 found along the tributary of the Klondike River was also reported resulting into the massive gold rush in 1897-8. The majority of the Gold miners utilized the precious grains of dust are nearly all in Canadas Yukon Territory creating is inaccessible region from the Alaskan coast. The majority of the gold-diggers come from the USA increased their gold returns. During this same period the United States accidentally acquired extensive overseas responsibilities such as leadership roles that transformed their nation into a powerful empire.   The gradual American involvement with the Hawaii that was annexed as a US territory during the 1900s led to a more dramatic increase in the US involvement overseas increasing Spanish America Spanish war of 1986. Some of the territorial acquisition led to emergence of conflicts. Undertaken with extreme reluctance among the American government, is the Spanish atrocities in Cuba increasing Cuba’s independence. The establishment of new territories as well as proficient armed forces of the navy which enabled them to excel in the war.

Legal aspects of doing business in the Middle East Essay

Legal aspects of doing business in the Middle East - Essay Example Even though the arrangement has made the growth of broad and planned legal systems feasible, these are inflexible and rigid to a certain extent, and this represents the system of government of directive that is linked with nations within the Middle East area as a whole. Since its foundation in 1971, the UAE has placed a provisional establishment, which quickly has changed into a stable one. This took place after the federal state of the UAE attained its constancy dedicated towards a fair strategy, and made cultural alterations and huge achievements at the local, provincial and global levels in addition to further development for the people of this nation; this would be among the most flourishing practices of alliance. This constitution clarifies the major regulations of the political and constitutional management of the state. Actually, it has revealed the key reason of organization of the federation, its ideas and elements on the local and district levels. It has as well elaborated on the most important communal and financial â€Å"pillars of federation and stressed public rights, responsibilities and freedoms† (Campbel, 2009). ... ments to the constitution are drafted by the Federal Supreme Council, and must be approved by a two-thirds majority of the Federal National Council, after which the amendment is signed into law by the president† (Campbel, 2009). Main Provisions The â€Å"Federal Supreme Council† is the main legal power within the UAE. It is the major governmental and decision-making organization. It ascertains general regulations and endorses federal legislation. The leaders of Dubai and Abu Dhabi hold â€Å"veto power† (Campbel, 2009). The establishment manages the link amid the â€Å"federal government and the emirate governments† via the central government related controls and leaving an indefinite region of hidden authorities to the emirates. Every emirate has power on its own oil and mineral assets and a few matters of inner safety. The federal government emphasizes dominance in nearly all issues related to regulation and government. Constitution allocates jobs to the federal government in the fields of foreign affairs, defense and protection, ethnicity and migration concerns, learning, health care system, coinage, communication methods, employment affairs, banking, distribution of territorial waters and criminals’ exile. It also permits the transference of governmental power located within the Union onto neighboring federal associations, mainly the financial center in Dubai. The change sets an example for the growth of the federal power. The federal constitution facilitates the leaders of the emirates, nonetheless, to resign, if they would like to, in some specific areas of power recommended as being the duty of particular emirates to the federal rule. The verdict to join the military is an illustration of this right. The federal constitution also allows all emirates to preserve

Critique of the 2007 WCRF Report on Cancer Prevention Essay -- Health,

The Internationally acclaimed World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) International in London, UK, is considered among many scientists, to be the leader in the unification of charities dedicated to cancer research. (Beck, et al., 296). Beck, Thompson and Allen summarized the 2007 WCRF information and statistics from around the world on cancer prevention in their paper, â€Å"Policy and Action for Cancer Prevention -- Highlights from a New Report by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research.† Cancer in its many forms is on the rise globally; in 2007 there were 11.3 million cases of cancer and this number is expected to rise to 15.5 million cases by 2030 (296). There are two main reasons for the increase in this deadly disease; â€Å"populations of many countries are aging†¦ [and] the populations of many countries are†¦ consuming more foods and drinks that promote weight gain, leading to a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity† (296). One of the main purposes of their Policy Report is to provide the public with information that helps achieve â€Å"health goals for reducing cancer risk† (296). The WCRF suggests policies that protect life at all stages and in this report â€Å"special emphasis† (298) was placed on policies to help children, young women and mothers achieve higher standards in nutrition thereby reducing their risk of cancer. Many scientists are in agreement now that lifestyle with emphasis on proper nutrition is a key factor in reducing the risk of cancer. The 2007 WCRF Report was compiled by a panel of 23 international experts on cancer prevention, who closely examined evidence from a 2007 Diet and Cancer report. There were an additional two professionals on the panel with expert experience in policy. ... ...he World Cancer Research Fund And The American Institute For Cancer Research." Nutrition Bulletin 34.3 (2009): 296-302. CINAHL. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Holman, Dawn M, and Mary C White. "Dietary Behaviors Related To Cancer Prevention Among Pre-Adolescents And Adolescents: The Gap Between Recommendations And Reality." Nutrition Journal 10.(2011): 60. MEDLINE. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. Tercyak, Kenneth P, and Vida L Tyc. "Opportunities And Challenges In The Prevention And Control Of Cancer And Other Chronic Diseases: Children's Diet And Nutrition And Weight And Physical Activity." Journal Of Pediatric Psychology 31.8 (2006): 750-763. MEDLINE. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. James R Cerhan, et al. "Factors Associated With Breast Cancer Prevention Communication Between Mothers And Daughters." Journal Of Women's Health (2002) 17.6 (2008): 1017-1023. MEDLINE. Web. 22 Jan. 2012.

Industrial Relations

The tolerance of the Tells workers suddenly gave way. The storm broke and wealth months the workforce, the management and the entire city of Pun were engulfed by this storm. Some attributed the cause to workers' leaders like Raja Nair, others to Tells officials like Unranked. The genesis of the phenomena however lay in the history of industrial relations in Tells over nearly fifteen years. Pun was one of the first industrial centre to be established pursuant to the policy of geographic relocation of industries away from established industrial centre in the aryl sixties.During the sixties a number of large engineering companies set up new Industries In the Pun region. Being predominantly engineering industries, the region attracted a large number of skilled workers from all over Maharajah's. This workforce was young, skilled, educated (being from technical training Institutes such as TIT and private Institutes); and there was a broad cultural homogeneity since most of them were Amaran th-speaking. Pun city, though not an industrial city to the sixties, has well established traditions of trade unionism amongst the municipal workers, the searchers and staff of other governmental bodies.Above all traditionally the workers in the engineering industry are known to be more militant and better organized. Basically this has to do with the nature of the work in the engineering industry, where man is invariably the master of the machine. Engineering Jobs require knowledge, perception, judgment, use of discretion and higher intellectual abilities, all of which results in a self-confident and assertive workforce. Added to all this Is the fact that the new workers coming to Pun had to find residential quarters on the outskirts of Pun. The suburban districts of Pun grew Into working class areas.Both better paid any badly paid workers' settlements grew within the same locates, leading to extensive social integration of the workforce. All this gave rise to strong traditions of u nity, solidarity and class sentiments in the most classical sense of the term. While the other industrial centre were plagued by trade union rivalries, political dissensions, and conflicts founded on caste, region and language Pun developed a tradition of class solidarity. In 1980, when the police fired on the rockers of Baja Auto, almost immediately the other factories closed in support, and a joint action committee was formed.Thereafter on most major events, ‘ad hoe trade union Joint action committees have cropped up. With the numerical strength of workers In Pun Increasing – today the city has 1. 75 to 2 lack industrial workers and, together with their families, they constitute 45-50 per cent of Pun's population – these traditions were reinforced In strength and Impact. The companies that came up in Pun region too developed a broad unified approach the first place they too like the workers were concentrated in one area. Besides, very few companies were in mutu al competition with one another.Many of them were keen to avoid the problems they had to confront in the older industrial centre like Bombay. One of the first things that almost every major company in the Pun region did right from the beginning was to ensure that no outsider, I. E. Professional trade unionist, established himself in Pun. These companies were established at a time when the fact of trade unionism as an inevitable aspect of industrial life had come to be accepted. In the Pun region formation of trade unions per SE never led to any ajar strife. The companies on the contrary encouraged their nascent workforce to form internal company unions.Barring a few exceptions the major pattern of trade union organization in the region is of internal unions with the workers themselves acting as office-bearers. In the mid-eighties Data Samoan from Bombay attempted a break-through but did not succeed. In a few companies unions affiliated to the Ship Seen and BGP tried to establish the ir unions but could not make any major headway. Against this backdrop, Tells is an Omni-present giant in the Pun region. Spread dead over a vast area, it employs, 8,500 blue collar workers, around 1,000 to 1,100 white collar workers, 2,000 supervisory staff and 2,500 engineers and officers.The average age off Tells worker is 32 years. Besides this a large number of ancillaries around Pun depend basically on Tells for their survival. It has been impossible to estimate the extent of mistranslation. Estimates vary from 400 units to 4,000 units. Besides, there is the consumption of goods and services by the company. To take one or two examples – the two industrial canteens at Tells employ 450 employees. The conservancy staff number around 450. Tells runs 110 buses on 265 routes. And all this growth has taken place over a span of 25 years.In keeping with the general pattern of industrial relations in the region, the company encouraged the formation of an internal trade union in th eir company. The new workforce formed the Tells Kamala Santayana (TTS), the very union with whom the company is refusing to negotiate today. The TTS was formed in February 1968 and was immediately recognized by the company. The constitution of the union provided amongst other things that the union will not have any outsider I. E. , a non-employee, as office-bearers. The elections were to be held once in every three years.It may be pointed out here that wage agreements are normally revised once in three years. It provided that workers would elect a council of 42 members and these 42 would then elect the office-bearers from amongst themselves. During this time the production in the company was growing rapidly. Normally in the older engineering industries Job classifications are precise. The content of each Job is described and evaluated, grades evolved, and quite often a worker could lawfully decline to do Job which were beyond the description or grade of his Job.Right from the beginn ing the company sought to avoid rigid classification of Job and to reserve for itself the absolute right to set up time standards, club Jobs, change production methods and systems and flexibility in the matter of deployment of workforce. This guarding its rights. Throughout, the growth in productivity was as a result of increased capacity utilization on the one hand and increase in the productivity of the workers on the other. The increase in productivity was mainly due to intensification of the workers' work output. Thus in 1980 the company produced 14,000 vehicles.This increased to 0,000 vehicles in 1988 (though the targeted production was 33,000). In 1981, 40 chassis were produced in a day, today it is 125 chassis. Throughout, the workforce remained constant. There was no major technological upgrading. The only areas where some technical modifications were made were in fatigue-related areas, I. E. Where fatigue of the workers reached a point where he became counter-productive. In order to facilitate this the company introduced a number of schemes designed to make optimum use of the workforce. In 1976, the TTS and the company Jointly finalized a skill benefit scheme.Under this scheme a worker could upgrade his skill and give required trade tests after which he would be entitled to two increments. Thereafter a versatility benefit scheme was introduced, whereby a workman who had learnt a new trade besides his own could after passing the requisite tests get three increments. All this made it possible for the company to utilize its workforce with complete flexibility after all, the company believed a worker during his work hours was at the company's disposal to get as much production from him as was possible..The internal leadership of the TTS could not perceive the impact of the company's policies. In 1976 it consented to the skill benefit scheme. The feeling spread amongst the workers that the union leadership was not standing up for their rights, while the ma nagement was asserting its rights. In the 1977 TTS elections the workers elected a new leadership which was perceived to be more militant. Under this leadership the workers conducted their first strike which went on for 22 days. This strike was against what is popularly described as ganging of machines and double designations.Ganging of machine meant that a worker who was until then required to load Jobs on one machine and attend to it was now required to load one bob on one machine and immediately attend to another machine or several machines depending on the nature of the Job before returning to the first one. Double designations meant one worker was called upon to do two Jobs. While the former method clubbed machines the latter clubbed Jobs. The state government intervened and referred the dispute for adjudication after which the strike was declared illegal. A number of activists were dismissed and other neutralized, and yet others won over.The workers attributed the failure of t he strike and the crushing of the TTS leadership to the absence of strong outside leadership and support. They then turned to the Sara Ashrams Shantung, a trade union affiliated to the Ala Ionians Party. The membership of the Sara Ashrams Shantung was not widespread over all shops and departments, and was concentrated in a few plants and departments. In 1980 the workers of the foundry section began agitation. Once again this was against work norms and methods. The company declared a lock-out of the foundry which other department workers in support of the foundry workers.The foundry workers' agitation fizzled out. The workers were compelled to give an undertaking of good conduct and report back to work. Some more activists were dismissed after this agitation. In order to defeat the Sara Ashrams Shantung, the company had to rely on the TTS leadership amongst other things. The TTS leadership, in the absence of over-whelming support of workers had to align with the management to defeat the Sara Ashrams Shantung. In the process the TTS leadership acquired privileges and concessions from the company that alienated them more and more from the workers.If workers were intimidated or strong-arm methods were used within the company premises the management looked the other way. Workers say the company actually circuited toughs to deal with the situation. Officers of the company deny this at times and at other times have Justified it saying strong-arm methods must be countered by strong-arm methods ‘sometimes'. The company also began to focus on what it describes as its welfare activities. Since 1981 there has been a sharp increase in industrial co-operatives of employees formed with the active support of the company.Between 1981 and 1987 the company has helped establish nine industrial cooperatives, for various purposes like recycling of scrap wood, conservancy, manufacturing safety shoes, printing, computer revise, felting, foundry-casting, battery cable assembly, welding, etc. Previously such societies were limited to helping widows of deceased employees, canteens and the like. Now it spilled over the industrial production. These co-operatives were intended to provide employment to the dependents and family members of the employees. The TTS leadership was the main agent for the implementation of these schemes.They therefore acquired enormous clout over the workers. Though out of a total workforce of 9,600, only 252 employees were members of the nine cooperatives formed between 1981 and 1987, and these cooperatives employed 698 rocker, the worker could always hope that by being on the right side of the TTS leadership, he could better the position of himself and his family. Besides it put enormous resources at the disposal of the TTS leadership. For the year 1987-88 alone the total turnover of these nine co-operatives was over RSI. 107 lack.The leadership of the TTS increasingly lost their identity as spokesmen of the workers. This got reflect ed in their style of functioning as union office-bearers. Issues were no longer represented on the basis of any clearest principles or rights, but on ad hoc basis. They were no longer resolved on the basis of the workers' strength but the clout of their office. Sometimes issues relating to production and shop floor problems were resolved satisfactorily, but most often they were not. It was an alienated leadership providing patchwork solutions.While these trends were developing within the TTS leadership, amongst the workers other developments were taking place. After the failure of the foundry workers' agitation, the workers began to look once again towards the internal union – the TTS. Leaders, Raja Nair and a few others who they perceived as being better. In the ginning of 1982, Raja Nair was elected general secretary of the TTS. Along with other members of the negotiating team, he too signed the 1981 settlement on wage revision. This settlement evoked widespread anger and r esentment among the workers.When compared to the increase in their productivity and the profits of the company the workers felt the settlement gave them very little. The 1979 settlement had revised the wages by between RSI 150 and RSI 210. The 1982 settlement had increased them by RSI. 350 to RSI. 370. Besides, the skill benefit and versatility benefits schemes had been modified to give more leverage to the management and o say to the union in matters relating to production. A large number of workers who gathered at the company's gate beat up the leaders and engaged in stone throwing.It is said that at this Juncture Raja Nair publicly admitted that he had signed the settlement under pressure from other committee members. He had been recruited in the company around 1979. When he became general secretary he had barely six year's service behind him. It is difficult at this Juncture to assess what subjective factors weighed with him in this turnabout. But from the point of view of under standing the Tells agitation this is hardly important. What is important is before the workers it refurnished his image as an honest leader.The workers at this stage needed a hero in whom they could concentrate their aspirations. The steps that the company took thereafter only reinforced that need and catapulted one individual into the position off hero. After the disturbances at the company's gate in September 1982, the company declared suspension of operations for over a week and demanded good conduct bonds from the workers. The workers gave this bond and returned to work. A few weeks after this the company suspended Raja Nair and after holding an enquiry smiled him from service in the beginning of 1983.To the company this was sure way to tackle rebellion. It had yielded results in the past, more particularly in 1977 and 1980 and there was no reason why it should not succeed this time. What the company did not take into account is the fact that the workers too were learning someth ing from their experiences and were growing more mature in their understanding of the company. Coincidentally it was during this time that Raja Nair himself was arrested in a murder charge. He was under trial for six months or so after which he was discharged for want of evidence.This factor added to his image as a leader capable of taking on the Tells management amongst the workers. The rebel group within the TTS now rallied under the banner of the Raja Nair Panel (RAN) and began working as a group. In December 1984 once again the TTS elections were held. In these elections RAN put up a panel of 20 candidates of whom 17 won the elections. In a committee of 42 members they were still a minority and from this point of time the RAN worked as a faction within the TTS. The RAN did not focus much on the wage revision agreement of 1985.They concentrated instead on building up grassroots organization. In order to do this, they first of all changed their style of functioning. Until now by v irtue of their working hours. The leaders were not required to work on the shop floor. They were given secretarial assistance by the company for their union work. The RAN decided they would not avail any of these privileges. They began to work on the shop floor. As a result, they were able to build up a rapport with the workers and tackle day-to-day shop floor problems directly. Workers too began to approach them for resolving day-to-day problems.Throughout the period between 1983 and 1987 the RAN focused on building grassroots support and organization. All this time Raja Nair was closely associated with the work of the activists of around 2,000 workers and staunch sympathizers of around 4,000 workers. Together with the fence-sitters the RAN had the overwhelming support of the Tells workers. In December 1987 when the TTS elections took place, the RAN put up a panel for all the seats. The RAN won 34 out of 42 seats. More significant was the fact that all the old leadership of the TTS lost badly in the elections.The language this new committee spoke was different. It actively took up issues on the shop floor. It questioned the supervisors on the methods of work distribution and allotment, on transfers and quantum of work and other issues. It must be mentioned here that the manner in which the productivity of the workers had been raised, as described above, required extensive supervision. The ratio of supervisors to workers is high in the company, roughly around 1:10. The supervisory staff rang the alarm and the management pushed the panic buttons. As a result a chain of events followed leading to the present impasse.At this stage it may be possible to argue that had the management shown greater statesmanship, balanced Judgment ND perceptiveness what followed need not have happened. But today this question will only be academic. In May 1988 the company suspended and later dismissed the vice president of the TTS. A group of workers went on a one-day hunger strike. The rest of the workers boycotted tea, snacks and lunch in the company's canteen as a mark of solidarity with the hunger strikers. In July 1988 the TTS held a general body meeting and decided to amend their constitution to allow admission to honorary members who were not Tells employees.Since there is a provision in the Trade Union Act which allows admission of honorary members, and there is nothing unusual or illegal about the amendment, the registrar of trade unions, Pun, allowed the amendments and registered the same. Raja Nair was then admitted as honorary member and elected working president. The wage agreement had in the meantime expired and the TTS now terminated the old agreement and submitted a fresh charter of demands. The management refused to speak to the negotiating committee on the ground that they would not deal with outsiders.Later the reasons for not talking to the committee kept changing giving rise to doubts among workers and the outside world of management's bon a fide. At this stage the government on its own motion referred the issue of wage revision for adjudication. As yet there was nothing to indicate that anything extra-ordinary company took the stand that the matters had been referred for adjudication to a tribunal by the government and so they would not negotiate with the new committee as the matter was subsidize. The workers were obviously not in agreement. Before Dalai of 1988 came the bonus issue.A large number of workers refused to accept bonus. The company declared 8. 33 per cent plus a production bonus of RSI. 1,207. 987-88 had been an excellent year for the company financially. Between 1985-86 when the last settlement was signed and 1987-88 when the next wage revision became due, turnover had gone up 37 per cent, net profits by 66 per cent from RSI. 16. 17 core to RSI. 26. 95 core and value added by 43 per cent. The workers could not therefore understand why only 8. 33 per cent was paid by way of statutory bonus. A large numbe r of workers (around 1,100) who had been lured into accepting the bonus returned the same.All these years the company had deducted the TTS subscription from the workers' wages and paid it to the TTS. This year the company refused to deduct the subscription. The TTS had to therefore organize a membership collection drive. It opened accounts in banks around the residential areas and called the workers to deposit the subscription amounts in those accounts. Workers began lining up in banks. By January 31, 3,811 members had paid subscriptions, by the end of February another 1,810 had paid and by the end of March a further 1,722. By now the company began suspending active supporters of the new committee.It Justified its action by saying that it would not tolerate indiscipline. Amongst the workers this argument had no takers because workers knew the company had allowed and tolerated far more indiscipline from the older committee. In the midst of all this the workers resorted too tool down strike in the beginning of January 1989. This agitation was peaceful and organized. On January 30, Rattan Data was to have visited the factory at Pun. On January 29 Raja Nair was suddenly detained by the police preventively under Section 151 of the Criminal Procedure Code.This action triggered a wave of anger. Though he had been detained on the January 29 the news spread to the factory on the 30th. The following day, when he was produced in court, rockers collected in the court premises spontaneously. The numbers began to swell. After arguments for his release, the Judgment was reserved for the next day and the police tried to whisk him away. But workers, whose number was swelling all the time, refused to let the Jeep go and resolved to sit in the court premises until the release of Raja Nair. The police then applied to the court and Raja Nair was released.In the meantime certain events happened outside the trade union scene in Tells which was to have a great impact on the Tells wor kers' struggle. In January 1989, the Trade Union Council was formed. In the past Joint action committees had been formed by the trade unions in Pun on the basis of events or issues. For sometime the idea that the Trade Union Council be constituted as permanent body had been suggested by a number of unions, but unions were also cautious since in the past joint councils tended to fizzle out after an agitation or campaign.For six to eight committee had fizzled out. In the meantime Baja] auto workers in Arranged were having their agitation and workers in Pun through a Joint action committee collected funds for the Arranged workers. During this time it was decided to form the trade onion council. The formation was announced on January 19, 1989 at a public meeting of over 20,000 workers and 31 organizations. The general mood of the Pun workers therefore was responsive to the Tells workers. Soon after the arrest and release of Raja Nair, the Tells Employees Union (TIES) was formed in Febru ary 1989.The company was all along saying they could not negotiate with the TTS because the matters were pending in court. Now TEE came out with a hand bill that the company was willing to negotiate with them. The members of the old committee who had lost in the TTS election were office-bearers of the TIES. The TEE then challenged the status of the TTS in the courts. Five office-bearers of the TTS went on a hunger strike outside the company and the workers boycotted canteen food in solidarity.On the intervention of Madman Banana, the ‘guardian minister' for Pun in the Maharajah's council of ministers, the hunger strike was withdrawn and assurances were made that their problems would be looked into by the government. The workers were under tremendous pressure to Join the TEE between middle of February and March but the membership of the TEE could not go beyond a few hundred. The company now started saying since the validity of the TTS elections was before the courts they would not talk to TTS unless the issue was decided.Within the company the atmosphere was tense and there was widespread feeling that the company would lock-out the factory. The leaders foots had prepared the workers and decided that nothing should be done in the company which may precipitate a lock-out even under gravest provocation. At this point on March 14, 1989, one of the office-bearers of the TTS was assaulted badly within the company premises by TEE members. Since the TTS had given strict instruction not to do anything that would precipitate a lock-out, the workers remained under control, but the anger had cached flash-point.The following day TEE members who were on their way to work were accosted and beaten up in various parts of the city. Now the company suspended around 70 – 75 persons of the TTS for engaging in violence. The company now began to say they would not talk to TTS because they had engaged in violence. However when things became too obvious the company suspend ed and charge-sheeted one of the office-bearers but continued to recognize the TIES. In the meantime the chief minister's statement in the Vida Saba that the Tells must talk to the TTS and government would mediate raised the hopes of the workers.The TTS in the meantime began to step up its organizational work and began holding meetings in the residential localities of workers. These meetings though intended for Tells workers were attended by other workers in the locality. The Tells agitation was spreading to those factories too. It appears that at this point other managements in the region began to get anxious about the developments in Tells and began to press for a resolution of the dispute there. On August 18 was the annual general meeting was seen as the architect of the industrial relation policy in Tells, was not given further extension after retirement.The company temporarily clubbed the responsibility of personnel with production by handing charge of industrial relations to t he works deputy director (auto division). All this also raised the hopes of the workers and gave a feeling that the changes reflected a reappraisal by the company. As a matter of fact tripartite meetings were fixed between TTS, the company and the government. Though nothing substantial came of it further meetings were fixed. Then suddenly the company signed a wage agreement within the TEE on September 19. By the wage agreement the company sought to give a rise of RSI. 85 on an average.Perhaps it was felt this would lure the workers into the fold of TEE. The company then sought to apply to the industrial tribunal to pass an award in terms of the agreement so that it binding on all the workers. The workers had reached a point of desperation. On September 20 the TTS organized a huge rally of Tells workers, where on the spot the workers decided to fast indefinitely. Around 6,000 workers are estimated to have gone on a indefinite hunger strike. This was in the middle of the city, and gen erated a massive wave of public sympathy. For the first time perhaps a racketing agency conducted an opinion poll on a workers' agitation.The opinion poll conducted by the Marketing and Econometric Consultancy Service revealed that 86 per cent of the respondents, all Pun citizens, were aware of the Tells issue, 82 per cent said they believed TTS was the majority union, 68 per cent felt workers were peaceful in their methods of agitation, 69 per cent felt the union was Justified in its agitation and 67 per cent felt the struggle of the Tells workers was for democratic rights. The Trade Union Council called for a one-day sympathy strike by Pun workers which was a complete success. Further tripartite negotiations had been fixed for October 1 .On September 29, the trade Union Council gave a call for demonstrations and street meetings in as many parts of the city as possible by the workers of other companies to draw attention on the Tells issue. The police used this as a pretext and swoo ped down on the hunger strikers and arrested over 4,000 Tells workers. Of these 2,000 were taken in buses and left off on the outskirts of the city, and 2,000 or so were taken into custody at places like Rating and Nashua. The TTS had been in quandary about how to call of the mass hunger strike without appearing to be back racking or weakening.The police action solved that problem. The company had not been too keen on the tripartite meeting and that problem too was resolved as no meeting could take place after the arrests. This triggered off a new wave of anger which spread throughout the city. The Trade Union Council called for an indefinite industrial strike of Pun workers. But the sight of Tells workers who had been on hunger strike for 10 days being beaten, pushed into buses and carried away evoked stone throwing and numerous incidents all over Source : Economic & Political Weekly, Industrial Relations The tolerance of the Tells workers suddenly gave way. The storm broke and wealth months the workforce, the management and the entire city of Pun were engulfed by this storm. Some attributed the cause to workers' leaders like Raja Nair, others to Tells officials like Unranked. The genesis of the phenomena however lay in the history of industrial relations in Tells over nearly fifteen years. Pun was one of the first industrial centre to be established pursuant to the policy of geographic relocation of industries away from established industrial centre in the aryl sixties.During the sixties a number of large engineering companies set up new Industries In the Pun region. Being predominantly engineering industries, the region attracted a large number of skilled workers from all over Maharajah's. This workforce was young, skilled, educated (being from technical training Institutes such as TIT and private Institutes); and there was a broad cultural homogeneity since most of them were Amaran th-speaking. Pun city, though not an industrial city to the sixties, has well established traditions of trade unionism amongst the municipal workers, the searchers and staff of other governmental bodies.Above all traditionally the workers in the engineering industry are known to be more militant and better organized. Basically this has to do with the nature of the work in the engineering industry, where man is invariably the master of the machine. Engineering Jobs require knowledge, perception, judgment, use of discretion and higher intellectual abilities, all of which results in a self-confident and assertive workforce. Added to all this Is the fact that the new workers coming to Pun had to find residential quarters on the outskirts of Pun. The suburban districts of Pun grew Into working class areas.Both better paid any badly paid workers' settlements grew within the same locates, leading to extensive social integration of the workforce. All this gave rise to strong traditions of u nity, solidarity and class sentiments in the most classical sense of the term. While the other industrial centre were plagued by trade union rivalries, political dissensions, and conflicts founded on caste, region and language Pun developed a tradition of class solidarity. In 1980, when the police fired on the rockers of Baja Auto, almost immediately the other factories closed in support, and a joint action committee was formed.Thereafter on most major events, ‘ad hoe trade union Joint action committees have cropped up. With the numerical strength of workers In Pun Increasing – today the city has 1. 75 to 2 lack industrial workers and, together with their families, they constitute 45-50 per cent of Pun's population – these traditions were reinforced In strength and Impact. The companies that came up in Pun region too developed a broad unified approach the first place they too like the workers were concentrated in one area. Besides, very few companies were in mutu al competition with one another.Many of them were keen to avoid the problems they had to confront in the older industrial centre like Bombay. One of the first things that almost every major company in the Pun region did right from the beginning was to ensure that no outsider, I. E. Professional trade unionist, established himself in Pun. These companies were established at a time when the fact of trade unionism as an inevitable aspect of industrial life had come to be accepted. In the Pun region formation of trade unions per SE never led to any ajar strife. The companies on the contrary encouraged their nascent workforce to form internal company unions.Barring a few exceptions the major pattern of trade union organization in the region is of internal unions with the workers themselves acting as office-bearers. In the mid-eighties Data Samoan from Bombay attempted a break-through but did not succeed. In a few companies unions affiliated to the Ship Seen and BGP tried to establish the ir unions but could not make any major headway. Against this backdrop, Tells is an Omni-present giant in the Pun region. Spread dead over a vast area, it employs, 8,500 blue collar workers, around 1,000 to 1,100 white collar workers, 2,000 supervisory staff and 2,500 engineers and officers.The average age off Tells worker is 32 years. Besides this a large number of ancillaries around Pun depend basically on Tells for their survival. It has been impossible to estimate the extent of mistranslation. Estimates vary from 400 units to 4,000 units. Besides, there is the consumption of goods and services by the company. To take one or two examples – the two industrial canteens at Tells employ 450 employees. The conservancy staff number around 450. Tells runs 110 buses on 265 routes. And all this growth has taken place over a span of 25 years.In keeping with the general pattern of industrial relations in the region, the company encouraged the formation of an internal trade union in th eir company. The new workforce formed the Tells Kamala Santayana (TTS), the very union with whom the company is refusing to negotiate today. The TTS was formed in February 1968 and was immediately recognized by the company. The constitution of the union provided amongst other things that the union will not have any outsider I. E. , a non-employee, as office-bearers. The elections were to be held once in every three years.It may be pointed out here that wage agreements are normally revised once in three years. It provided that workers would elect a council of 42 members and these 42 would then elect the office-bearers from amongst themselves. During this time the production in the company was growing rapidly. Normally in the older engineering industries Job classifications are precise. The content of each Job is described and evaluated, grades evolved, and quite often a worker could lawfully decline to do Job which were beyond the description or grade of his Job.Right from the beginn ing the company sought to avoid rigid classification of Job and to reserve for itself the absolute right to set up time standards, club Jobs, change production methods and systems and flexibility in the matter of deployment of workforce. This guarding its rights. Throughout, the growth in productivity was as a result of increased capacity utilization on the one hand and increase in the productivity of the workers on the other. The increase in productivity was mainly due to intensification of the workers' work output. Thus in 1980 the company produced 14,000 vehicles.This increased to 0,000 vehicles in 1988 (though the targeted production was 33,000). In 1981, 40 chassis were produced in a day, today it is 125 chassis. Throughout, the workforce remained constant. There was no major technological upgrading. The only areas where some technical modifications were made were in fatigue-related areas, I. E. Where fatigue of the workers reached a point where he became counter-productive. In order to facilitate this the company introduced a number of schemes designed to make optimum use of the workforce. In 1976, the TTS and the company Jointly finalized a skill benefit scheme.Under this scheme a worker could upgrade his skill and give required trade tests after which he would be entitled to two increments. Thereafter a versatility benefit scheme was introduced, whereby a workman who had learnt a new trade besides his own could after passing the requisite tests get three increments. All this made it possible for the company to utilize its workforce with complete flexibility after all, the company believed a worker during his work hours was at the company's disposal to get as much production from him as was possible..The internal leadership of the TTS could not perceive the impact of the company's policies. In 1976 it consented to the skill benefit scheme. The feeling spread amongst the workers that the union leadership was not standing up for their rights, while the ma nagement was asserting its rights. In the 1977 TTS elections the workers elected a new leadership which was perceived to be more militant. Under this leadership the workers conducted their first strike which went on for 22 days. This strike was against what is popularly described as ganging of machines and double designations.Ganging of machine meant that a worker who was until then required to load Jobs on one machine and attend to it was now required to load one bob on one machine and immediately attend to another machine or several machines depending on the nature of the Job before returning to the first one. Double designations meant one worker was called upon to do two Jobs. While the former method clubbed machines the latter clubbed Jobs. The state government intervened and referred the dispute for adjudication after which the strike was declared illegal. A number of activists were dismissed and other neutralized, and yet others won over.The workers attributed the failure of t he strike and the crushing of the TTS leadership to the absence of strong outside leadership and support. They then turned to the Sara Ashrams Shantung, a trade union affiliated to the Ala Ionians Party. The membership of the Sara Ashrams Shantung was not widespread over all shops and departments, and was concentrated in a few plants and departments. In 1980 the workers of the foundry section began agitation. Once again this was against work norms and methods. The company declared a lock-out of the foundry which other department workers in support of the foundry workers.The foundry workers' agitation fizzled out. The workers were compelled to give an undertaking of good conduct and report back to work. Some more activists were dismissed after this agitation. In order to defeat the Sara Ashrams Shantung, the company had to rely on the TTS leadership amongst other things. The TTS leadership, in the absence of over-whelming support of workers had to align with the management to defeat the Sara Ashrams Shantung. In the process the TTS leadership acquired privileges and concessions from the company that alienated them more and more from the workers.If workers were intimidated or strong-arm methods were used within the company premises the management looked the other way. Workers say the company actually circuited toughs to deal with the situation. Officers of the company deny this at times and at other times have Justified it saying strong-arm methods must be countered by strong-arm methods ‘sometimes'. The company also began to focus on what it describes as its welfare activities. Since 1981 there has been a sharp increase in industrial co-operatives of employees formed with the active support of the company.Between 1981 and 1987 the company has helped establish nine industrial cooperatives, for various purposes like recycling of scrap wood, conservancy, manufacturing safety shoes, printing, computer revise, felting, foundry-casting, battery cable assembly, welding, etc. Previously such societies were limited to helping widows of deceased employees, canteens and the like. Now it spilled over the industrial production. These co-operatives were intended to provide employment to the dependents and family members of the employees. The TTS leadership was the main agent for the implementation of these schemes.They therefore acquired enormous clout over the workers. Though out of a total workforce of 9,600, only 252 employees were members of the nine cooperatives formed between 1981 and 1987, and these cooperatives employed 698 rocker, the worker could always hope that by being on the right side of the TTS leadership, he could better the position of himself and his family. Besides it put enormous resources at the disposal of the TTS leadership. For the year 1987-88 alone the total turnover of these nine co-operatives was over RSI. 107 lack.The leadership of the TTS increasingly lost their identity as spokesmen of the workers. This got reflect ed in their style of functioning as union office-bearers. Issues were no longer represented on the basis of any clearest principles or rights, but on ad hoc basis. They were no longer resolved on the basis of the workers' strength but the clout of their office. Sometimes issues relating to production and shop floor problems were resolved satisfactorily, but most often they were not. It was an alienated leadership providing patchwork solutions.While these trends were developing within the TTS leadership, amongst the workers other developments were taking place. After the failure of the foundry workers' agitation, the workers began to look once again towards the internal union – the TTS. Leaders, Raja Nair and a few others who they perceived as being better. In the ginning of 1982, Raja Nair was elected general secretary of the TTS. Along with other members of the negotiating team, he too signed the 1981 settlement on wage revision. This settlement evoked widespread anger and r esentment among the workers.When compared to the increase in their productivity and the profits of the company the workers felt the settlement gave them very little. The 1979 settlement had revised the wages by between RSI 150 and RSI 210. The 1982 settlement had increased them by RSI. 350 to RSI. 370. Besides, the skill benefit and versatility benefits schemes had been modified to give more leverage to the management and o say to the union in matters relating to production. A large number of workers who gathered at the company's gate beat up the leaders and engaged in stone throwing.It is said that at this Juncture Raja Nair publicly admitted that he had signed the settlement under pressure from other committee members. He had been recruited in the company around 1979. When he became general secretary he had barely six year's service behind him. It is difficult at this Juncture to assess what subjective factors weighed with him in this turnabout. But from the point of view of under standing the Tells agitation this is hardly important. What is important is before the workers it refurnished his image as an honest leader.The workers at this stage needed a hero in whom they could concentrate their aspirations. The steps that the company took thereafter only reinforced that need and catapulted one individual into the position off hero. After the disturbances at the company's gate in September 1982, the company declared suspension of operations for over a week and demanded good conduct bonds from the workers. The workers gave this bond and returned to work. A few weeks after this the company suspended Raja Nair and after holding an enquiry smiled him from service in the beginning of 1983.To the company this was sure way to tackle rebellion. It had yielded results in the past, more particularly in 1977 and 1980 and there was no reason why it should not succeed this time. What the company did not take into account is the fact that the workers too were learning someth ing from their experiences and were growing more mature in their understanding of the company. Coincidentally it was during this time that Raja Nair himself was arrested in a murder charge. He was under trial for six months or so after which he was discharged for want of evidence.This factor added to his image as a leader capable of taking on the Tells management amongst the workers. The rebel group within the TTS now rallied under the banner of the Raja Nair Panel (RAN) and began working as a group. In December 1984 once again the TTS elections were held. In these elections RAN put up a panel of 20 candidates of whom 17 won the elections. In a committee of 42 members they were still a minority and from this point of time the RAN worked as a faction within the TTS. The RAN did not focus much on the wage revision agreement of 1985.They concentrated instead on building up grassroots organization. In order to do this, they first of all changed their style of functioning. Until now by v irtue of their working hours. The leaders were not required to work on the shop floor. They were given secretarial assistance by the company for their union work. The RAN decided they would not avail any of these privileges. They began to work on the shop floor. As a result, they were able to build up a rapport with the workers and tackle day-to-day shop floor problems directly. Workers too began to approach them for resolving day-to-day problems.Throughout the period between 1983 and 1987 the RAN focused on building grassroots support and organization. All this time Raja Nair was closely associated with the work of the activists of around 2,000 workers and staunch sympathizers of around 4,000 workers. Together with the fence-sitters the RAN had the overwhelming support of the Tells workers. In December 1987 when the TTS elections took place, the RAN put up a panel for all the seats. The RAN won 34 out of 42 seats. More significant was the fact that all the old leadership of the TTS lost badly in the elections.The language this new committee spoke was different. It actively took up issues on the shop floor. It questioned the supervisors on the methods of work distribution and allotment, on transfers and quantum of work and other issues. It must be mentioned here that the manner in which the productivity of the workers had been raised, as described above, required extensive supervision. The ratio of supervisors to workers is high in the company, roughly around 1:10. The supervisory staff rang the alarm and the management pushed the panic buttons. As a result a chain of events followed leading to the present impasse.At this stage it may be possible to argue that had the management shown greater statesmanship, balanced Judgment ND perceptiveness what followed need not have happened. But today this question will only be academic. In May 1988 the company suspended and later dismissed the vice president of the TTS. A group of workers went on a one-day hunger strike. The rest of the workers boycotted tea, snacks and lunch in the company's canteen as a mark of solidarity with the hunger strikers. In July 1988 the TTS held a general body meeting and decided to amend their constitution to allow admission to honorary members who were not Tells employees.Since there is a provision in the Trade Union Act which allows admission of honorary members, and there is nothing unusual or illegal about the amendment, the registrar of trade unions, Pun, allowed the amendments and registered the same. Raja Nair was then admitted as honorary member and elected working president. The wage agreement had in the meantime expired and the TTS now terminated the old agreement and submitted a fresh charter of demands. The management refused to speak to the negotiating committee on the ground that they would not deal with outsiders.Later the reasons for not talking to the committee kept changing giving rise to doubts among workers and the outside world of management's bon a fide. At this stage the government on its own motion referred the issue of wage revision for adjudication. As yet there was nothing to indicate that anything extra-ordinary company took the stand that the matters had been referred for adjudication to a tribunal by the government and so they would not negotiate with the new committee as the matter was subsidize. The workers were obviously not in agreement. Before Dalai of 1988 came the bonus issue.A large number of workers refused to accept bonus. The company declared 8. 33 per cent plus a production bonus of RSI. 1,207. 987-88 had been an excellent year for the company financially. Between 1985-86 when the last settlement was signed and 1987-88 when the next wage revision became due, turnover had gone up 37 per cent, net profits by 66 per cent from RSI. 16. 17 core to RSI. 26. 95 core and value added by 43 per cent. The workers could not therefore understand why only 8. 33 per cent was paid by way of statutory bonus. A large numbe r of workers (around 1,100) who had been lured into accepting the bonus returned the same.All these years the company had deducted the TTS subscription from the workers' wages and paid it to the TTS. This year the company refused to deduct the subscription. The TTS had to therefore organize a membership collection drive. It opened accounts in banks around the residential areas and called the workers to deposit the subscription amounts in those accounts. Workers began lining up in banks. By January 31, 3,811 members had paid subscriptions, by the end of February another 1,810 had paid and by the end of March a further 1,722. By now the company began suspending active supporters of the new committee.It Justified its action by saying that it would not tolerate indiscipline. Amongst the workers this argument had no takers because workers knew the company had allowed and tolerated far more indiscipline from the older committee. In the midst of all this the workers resorted too tool down strike in the beginning of January 1989. This agitation was peaceful and organized. On January 30, Rattan Data was to have visited the factory at Pun. On January 29 Raja Nair was suddenly detained by the police preventively under Section 151 of the Criminal Procedure Code.This action triggered a wave of anger. Though he had been detained on the January 29 the news spread to the factory on the 30th. The following day, when he was produced in court, rockers collected in the court premises spontaneously. The numbers began to swell. After arguments for his release, the Judgment was reserved for the next day and the police tried to whisk him away. But workers, whose number was swelling all the time, refused to let the Jeep go and resolved to sit in the court premises until the release of Raja Nair. The police then applied to the court and Raja Nair was released.In the meantime certain events happened outside the trade union scene in Tells which was to have a great impact on the Tells wor kers' struggle. In January 1989, the Trade Union Council was formed. In the past Joint action committees had been formed by the trade unions in Pun on the basis of events or issues. For sometime the idea that the Trade Union Council be constituted as permanent body had been suggested by a number of unions, but unions were also cautious since in the past joint councils tended to fizzle out after an agitation or campaign.For six to eight committee had fizzled out. In the meantime Baja] auto workers in Arranged were having their agitation and workers in Pun through a Joint action committee collected funds for the Arranged workers. During this time it was decided to form the trade onion council. The formation was announced on January 19, 1989 at a public meeting of over 20,000 workers and 31 organizations. The general mood of the Pun workers therefore was responsive to the Tells workers. Soon after the arrest and release of Raja Nair, the Tells Employees Union (TIES) was formed in Febru ary 1989.The company was all along saying they could not negotiate with the TTS because the matters were pending in court. Now TEE came out with a hand bill that the company was willing to negotiate with them. The members of the old committee who had lost in the TTS election were office-bearers of the TIES. The TEE then challenged the status of the TTS in the courts. Five office-bearers of the TTS went on a hunger strike outside the company and the workers boycotted canteen food in solidarity.On the intervention of Madman Banana, the ‘guardian minister' for Pun in the Maharajah's council of ministers, the hunger strike was withdrawn and assurances were made that their problems would be looked into by the government. The workers were under tremendous pressure to Join the TEE between middle of February and March but the membership of the TEE could not go beyond a few hundred. The company now started saying since the validity of the TTS elections was before the courts they would not talk to TTS unless the issue was decided.Within the company the atmosphere was tense and there was widespread feeling that the company would lock-out the factory. The leaders foots had prepared the workers and decided that nothing should be done in the company which may precipitate a lock-out even under gravest provocation. At this point on March 14, 1989, one of the office-bearers of the TTS was assaulted badly within the company premises by TEE members. Since the TTS had given strict instruction not to do anything that would precipitate a lock-out, the workers remained under control, but the anger had cached flash-point.The following day TEE members who were on their way to work were accosted and beaten up in various parts of the city. Now the company suspended around 70 – 75 persons of the TTS for engaging in violence. The company now began to say they would not talk to TTS because they had engaged in violence. However when things became too obvious the company suspend ed and charge-sheeted one of the office-bearers but continued to recognize the TIES. In the meantime the chief minister's statement in the Vida Saba that the Tells must talk to the TTS and government would mediate raised the hopes of the workers.The TTS in the meantime began to step up its organizational work and began holding meetings in the residential localities of workers. These meetings though intended for Tells workers were attended by other workers in the locality. The Tells agitation was spreading to those factories too. It appears that at this point other managements in the region began to get anxious about the developments in Tells and began to press for a resolution of the dispute there. On August 18 was the annual general meeting was seen as the architect of the industrial relation policy in Tells, was not given further extension after retirement.The company temporarily clubbed the responsibility of personnel with production by handing charge of industrial relations to t he works deputy director (auto division). All this also raised the hopes of the workers and gave a feeling that the changes reflected a reappraisal by the company. As a matter of fact tripartite meetings were fixed between TTS, the company and the government. Though nothing substantial came of it further meetings were fixed. Then suddenly the company signed a wage agreement within the TEE on September 19. By the wage agreement the company sought to give a rise of RSI. 85 on an average.Perhaps it was felt this would lure the workers into the fold of TEE. The company then sought to apply to the industrial tribunal to pass an award in terms of the agreement so that it binding on all the workers. The workers had reached a point of desperation. On September 20 the TTS organized a huge rally of Tells workers, where on the spot the workers decided to fast indefinitely. Around 6,000 workers are estimated to have gone on a indefinite hunger strike. This was in the middle of the city, and gen erated a massive wave of public sympathy. For the first time perhaps a racketing agency conducted an opinion poll on a workers' agitation.The opinion poll conducted by the Marketing and Econometric Consultancy Service revealed that 86 per cent of the respondents, all Pun citizens, were aware of the Tells issue, 82 per cent said they believed TTS was the majority union, 68 per cent felt workers were peaceful in their methods of agitation, 69 per cent felt the union was Justified in its agitation and 67 per cent felt the struggle of the Tells workers was for democratic rights. The Trade Union Council called for a one-day sympathy strike by Pun workers which was a complete success. Further tripartite negotiations had been fixed for October 1 .On September 29, the trade Union Council gave a call for demonstrations and street meetings in as many parts of the city as possible by the workers of other companies to draw attention on the Tells issue. The police used this as a pretext and swoo ped down on the hunger strikers and arrested over 4,000 Tells workers. Of these 2,000 were taken in buses and left off on the outskirts of the city, and 2,000 or so were taken into custody at places like Rating and Nashua. The TTS had been in quandary about how to call of the mass hunger strike without appearing to be back racking or weakening.The police action solved that problem. The company had not been too keen on the tripartite meeting and that problem too was resolved as no meeting could take place after the arrests. This triggered off a new wave of anger which spread throughout the city. The Trade Union Council called for an indefinite industrial strike of Pun workers. But the sight of Tells workers who had been on hunger strike for 10 days being beaten, pushed into buses and carried away evoked stone throwing and numerous incidents all over Source : Economic & Political Weekly,